lookadistraction asked:


what are the benefits ?what do you get out of that job ?

what is the typical salary ?

the health plan?

the retirment plan?

what classes do you have to take in order to be a genetic engineer? in high school and in collage?

what do you do in genetic engineering?

what kinds of things do you do in this job?

what do you have to major in?

how long does it take you to be a genetic engineer?

please no stupid answers!
and tell me where are your sources please
thank you for helping

Somatic Gene Therapy

SKH asked:


I am currently in my senior year in High School, and am curious in regards to genetic engineering.

What college classes do I have to take to enter the field of Genetic Engineering? Preferably human genetic engineering, but I am not sure if that requires the same classes to be taken as other genetic engineering fields.

Thank you very much for all the help!

Biotech Websites

B. Again and again, the nature, origin, function and purpose of life

Nature of Earth life: a replicating construction temporarily constraining and maintaining energy.

Origin of Earth life: serendipitous energy-induced formation of Earth’s primal organisms, individual independent genes.

Nature of Earth’s organisms: temporary self-replicable constrained-energy genetic systems that support and maintain Earth’s biosphere by maintenance of genes.

Function of Earth life: uphold and maintain as much constrained energy as possible by upholding and maintaining Earth’s biosphere. (Probably one of several constrained energy forms, including black holes).

The purpose of OUR life and its promotion is ours to choose and set. It derives solely from our cognition, which is a biological entity.

The biggest hindrance of scientific and of technological progress in comprehension and exploitation of biology is the avoidance to accept-regard genes and genomes as organisms. Equally hindering is the avoidance to accept and to explicitly and clearly define genes as The Primal Base Cardinal Earth Life Organisms, the organisms that have been evolving into all other Earth organisms.

This avoidance, fraught with implications about human conception of the nature of life, is the biggest hindrance of human culture, of human existential and social progress.

C. Sleep, most obvious evidence of genes’ life and their origin

Sleep made simple. Why do organisms sleep?

Sleep is an inherent Earthlife trait. Organisms sleep because their genes-genomes sleep. And for genes, sleep is inborn because genes were the first organisms evolved on Earth and they came into being, born, through the sun’s radiation energy absorbed by RNA-type oligomers, and the newborn genes were active ONLY when exposed to sunlight, which was then – prior to bio metabolic energy production – their only usable energy. Thus sleep is an inherent Earthlife trait.

D. Chirality, most obvious evidence of genes’ primal, base, status in life’s evolution

Darwinian evolution started at life’s day one, with the genesis of the first organisms, the replicating oligomers, pre-archaea genes. It started under yet-unknown energetic conditions, by a serendipitous accident, with oligomeric (RNA?) conformations, in a soup containing all their essential molecular progenitors. These conformations happened to absorb the amounts of energy enabling their polymerization to lengths precipitated as determined by the nature and conditions of the soup.

The sugars and the nitrogen-based compounds that, together with the phosphates, are the components of the genes organisms, are chiral. There probably is an energetic advantage in homochirality and chiral homogeneity for the self-replication of biopolymers.

This serendipitous accident set up a matrix-field of energy with a potential extended between its source, sun’s radiation, and the precipitating organisms. This was the genesis of the ongoing formation and maintenance of Earth’s biosphere.

And since thus the biosphere started it could only evolve in more favorable energetic directions and towards stabler components. Survival. Chiral organism survival. After all this was already into the process of life’s evolution…

Dov Henis

(Comments From The 22nd Century)

Life’s Manifest

www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/112.page#578

EVOLUTION Beyond Darwin 200

www.physforum.com/index.php?showtopic=14988&st=405&#entry396201

www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/100/122.page#1407

Genetic Kits

fgks asked:

From Dazzle Ships, reached 20# in the UK Chart in Feb 1983.

Genetic Biotechnology

What kinds of organisms are ideally suited for genetic engineering research and why?

Genetic Exam

Kameswara Rao asked:




Maharashtra Hybrid Seed Company (Mahyco) sought the permission of the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) of India, for large-scale open field trials of eight Bt brinjal hybrids. This threw the anti-tech activists in India into a tizzy. ‘Position papers on Bt brinjal’, spiced with a lot of pseudo-science have been widely circulated, demanding GEAC’s ban of all transgenics in India. The GEAC placed the biosecurity data provided by Mahyco on their website for public comment. The propaganda machinery has now drafted, anti-GE experts/scientists from the US, UK and New Zealand.

Brinjal (aubergine, egg plant, Solanum melongena) is a vegetable in Asia and Europe. The original Persian/Arabic name al-bAdhinjAn, gave rise to, a) with the al, the French name ‘aubergine’ derived from Catalan albergínia, and b) without the al, the Portuguese berinjela, and the Spanish berenjena, which became brinjal in Indian and Sri Lankan English. The samskrith name vatinganah, produced baingan in Hindi, van(g)kayi in Telugu (-kayi is raw fruit), badanekaryi in Kannada and similar names in Indian languages.

Centres of Origin of cultivated plants are determined on a variety of circumstantial evidence, especially on the number and diversity of related wild species. In most cases there is hardly any sound scientific proof for the conclusions drawn.

Overall evidence strongly suggests that South America was the Centre of Origin of the species of the genus Solanum, to which both potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal belong.

The exact origin of Solanum melongena is uncertain. It probably originated from the African wild species Solanum incanum. Solanum melongena was first domesticated in Southeast China, and taken to the Mediterranean region during the Arab conquests in the 7th century. If brinjal was mentioned in ancient Indian literature, it only indicates that it was naturalized, having been introduced into India, a long time ago and this in itself is not an evidence of its origin in India.

Centres of Diversity are determined on the basis of the number and diversity of related species or varieties in the wild. The fundamental criterion of relationship is that two or more species or varieties freely interbreed producing fertile offspring. The number and diversity of cultivated varieties of a crop species in a country is not the basis to determine origin and diversity, as developing such varieties is an essentially human activity.

A decade or so ago, considerations of origin and diversity were of some significance in crop plant breeding, to aid the choice of species/varieties with desirable genes and to produce fertile hybrids with the cultivated varieties of the related crops. With several techniques of molecular biology and genetic engineering available now, the relevance of theoretical and academic inferences on the Centres of Origin and Diversity has diminished considerably.

Several species of Solanum occur in the wild in India. Cytogeneticists have artificially produced interspecific hybrids of species of Solanum. It was not so difficult to produce first generation hybrids, which generally suffered from chromosomal instability and pollen sterility, hardly resulting in any fertile hybrids.

Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD, a technique in genome comparisons) shows that Solanum incanum and then Solanum viarum are the closest to Solanum melongena. Solanum incanum and Solanum viarum occur infrequently in the wild in India, but are hardly sympatric and panmictic with the cultivated varieties. When artificial hybrids were produced, the progeny were sterile, leaving no chances for gene flow among these related species.

In nature, species of Solanum do not normally hybridize, as they are predominantly (over 90 per cent) self-pollinated. Anthers that open by small apical pores are the characteristic feature of the genus Solanum, unlike in many other plant species where the anthers open dehiscing longitudinally to fully expose the pollen to the air and pollinators. Solanum pollen are sticky and do not travel long distances, even if they become airborne. Insects visit Solanum flowers but their role in pollination is insignificant.

There are many cultivated varieties of brinjal in India, some of which are restricted to specific regions, as for example the ‘Udupi gulla’ variety of Mangalore. Wild species of Solanum and several cultivated varieties of brinjals co-exist. However, farmers and scientists are not aware of any hybrids between the two groups and no effort is made to protect different varieties of cultivated brinjals from hybridizing among themselves or with the wild Solanums.

The floral structure and the reproductive biology of brinjals and experience in cultivating them for several centuries in India, do not suggest any possibility of gene flow from transgenic brinjals to normal brinjals.

The biosecurity of Bt insecticidal proteins in transgenic crops is thoroughly assured by evidence on the use of Bt pesticides for over 60 years and the cultivation and consumption of Bt transgenics for a decade. None of the extensive studies on the safety of Bt proteins conducted in various countries has indicated any possibility of their being harmful to animals and humans or the environment.

Cry 1 Ac is toxic only under specific conditions. It is non-toxic to all organisms with an acidic stomach and with no binding sites for the crystal protein, which includes all mammals and non-target organisms.
Brinjal fruits are not toxic to mammals. But, all the other parts of the brinjal palnt are toxic, due to several alkaloids. Cattle are not deliberately fed on brinjal plants. Grown under water scarcity, even the fruit accumulates alkaloids and phenolic compounds, which give a bitter taste and make the fruit inedible.
Scientific evidence does not indicate any possibility of Bt brinjals posing serious or unmanageable risks to the farmers, consumers or the environment.

Genetic Testing Kits

Jeremy Seaver asked:




In the ancient, there have been only a pair different kinds of apple foliage that you could buy. Nevertheless now, thanks to the wonders of genetic engineering, if you want to buy an apple ranking you are able to pick between many different types of apples and flavors. Here I will outline five different standard types of apples that you can think for your first apple ranking.

First introduced in Japan, the Fuji apple has been around since 1962. The Fuji apple has fair-green skin with red streaks down the periphery. The inside is delicious and charming. It is colorless, harden, crusty, and very flavorful. It becomes pungent in the middle of September, but tastes the best if it is left wholly to mature pending October or November. These apples will found mounting early and grow in abundance. They are good for pollinating other apples. The Fuji treed can tolerate wet, dry, or humble soil, but the fruit eminence will most prone cogitate the condition of the soil. The apples forever choice the best when they are clean, and are great for cooking.

Gala apples are a wonderful tasting import from New Zealand. The Gala apple has blond skin with a trivial imply of red, and it is medium sized. The bowels are yellow, very suitable, stiffen, confident, and smell admirable. When they are light they are one of the best tasting apples you can grow. They grow briefly, and the grass display heftily. They become matured in postponed July. They are normally not used for cooking, just because Fuji is a better alternative. The leaves can grow in wet, dry, and indigent soil as well.

The delicious Brae Burned apples’ incline varies from gold with red streaks to almost completely red. It was first popularized sometime in the belatedly 1940’s. It was also originally from New Zealand along with the Fuji, and is now the best selling apple in Germany. The entrails are sallow, terse, pungent, solidify, and salacious. They are rewarding, but also vaguely unkind. The mass varies from medium to large. They were introduced to the United States around 1980, and met with great enthusiasm. They are some of the most popular apples in the world. They generally don’t become coffee too quickly after being cut. They become ready around October or November.

As red as its name proclaims, the Red Delicious apple is very tall and large. Their yellow innards are decisive, enjoyable, exciting, and delicious. They are developed across the country, and are great to put in salads. They are typically recognized by their clear spirit character. They were first introduced in Peru, Iowa. They become ready in mid to overdue September. They are usually best when they are green off the tree.

Golden Delicious apples have great, moist aroma. Their bowels are resolved, fair, brittle and appealing. They are great for cooking because even when they are cooked or baked they keep their great taste and structure. The skin is thin and tender. They are great for salads. They limit in size from medium to large. They are shaped much like the red delicious apple. The bowels are snappish, luscious, musical, and mild. Many people enjoy them, although they bump sooner clearly. They become ripe in overdue September. They are good for many purposes, and they last a long time if not handled brutally.



genetic engineering

Grant Carroll asked:




When people hear the phrase “genetically modified organism” (GMO), They picture fruits, veggies or grain that’s been altered in some way to be cheaper or produced more abundantly. Plant GMOs are usually made with the purpose of solving hunger problems around the world by producing enough food to feed humanity’s exploding population. However, now the term GMO can be applied to something many of us hold dear in our lives…our pets. The company Allerca Pet Lifestyles from California announced last month that they will be selling kittens next year that have been genetically modified to be hypoallergenic. Humans have altered animal genomes for thousands of years through artificial selection (breeding), and even though this new form of genetic tinkering needs to be thoroughly tested before it’s put up for sale, demand is bringing it rushing into the market.

It is hard for one to argue completely against humans altering other animals’ genomes, especially since we’ve already been doing it for much of our history. Diverse breeds of dogs and cats have arisen over the millennia through human efforts of artificial selection. Natural selection created the wild wolves and dogs from which our domesticated friends descended. One could argue that since we’ve already changed animal DNA to fit our desires and needs, there is nothing unethical about genetically modifying today’s pets. It just accomplishes in one generation what usually takes several generations of breeding. It also creates phenotypes that we might never see arise naturally.

One thing that many people agree on is the need for extensive testing before this technology goes to market. The PETA has argued that there is no way of knowing the long-term effects of genetic engineering on a cat’s genome, and they’re right. To date, no such study has been done proving that genetic engineering is completely safe for any animal. In this particular case, scientists have silenced a gene is cats that produces their most common allergen. The gene still exists, but it’s not able to produce it’s protein.
What needs to be done is extensive research over many years to study not only the genetically modified individuals but also their offspring.

In spite of this, there seems to be nothing that can slow the tide of selling GMO pets. Proposed bills that would ban their sale failed in California last year. Though many people protest, GMO pets are coming to market. Hopefully there won’t be too much damage done.

DIY Genetics

Dov Henis asked:




Aging Seen Without The Emperor’s New Clothes



A. Aging, lifetime and age

Aging = to become old, show the effects or the characteristics of increasing age, the increasing liferime. The effects and characteristics of not only the totality of the system, but also of each and every component, and of components of the components of the system. The system is the totality of the components.

lifetime = the duration of the existence of a living being, an organism, or an inanimate thing, a material, star or subatomic particle.

age = the length of an existence extending from its beginning to any given time.

B. More and more research works related to old age are published in scientific periodicals

The lengthening list of work-accounts comprises a wide array of subjects apparently related to old age, including:

- A variety of constitutional impairments,

- a variety of impaired biological processes,

- a variety of impaired genetic materials and expressions,

- a great variety of suggested things to consume or do or avoid for alleviating the symptoms,

- and a great variety of anti-aging suggestions.

C. Some examples of statements:

- A little stress may keep cells youthful.

- Intestinal stem cells, that replenish the lining, go awry in elderly flies, similar to what happens in certain human stem cell populations.

- Yeast, worms and people may age by similar mechanisms.

- Nearly all organisms experience aging.

- In aging muscles and neurological problems, energy greedy organs, there are mitochondria

dysfunctions.

- Age-related growing ‘leakiness’ in cell nucleus membrane may contribute to aging and even to diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.

- Age-Related Hearing Impairment, presbycusis, is a complex elderlies disease caused by

overexpression of glutamate due to interaction between environmental and genetic factors.

D. Right they are: “Nearly all organisms experience aging”. But why “nearly”?

Why don’t “scientists” accept the obvious fact that genes are organisms and “experience aging”, too?

Not only yeast, worms and people. Also genes and the interdependent-genes-communes, genomes. Theye are both organisms. They are alive. It is their “lifehood” that makes us and all life forms “alive”.

By plain common sense – my favorite scientific approach – they should also be “experiencing aging”…

E. The aging of genes contributes to organisms aging

Since a genome is a cooperative commune of interdependent genes, many of its member genes “modulate its aging” to various extents at various time-rates depending on circumstances and environment and on their individual composition and functioning history. Various things happen to them or affect them and impair their functionalities.

In my plain commonsensical mind “interaction between environmental and genetic factors” is a description of organism’s “aging”. And in my boy’s-like view of the emperor’s new clothes organism’s aging comprises aging of its genes-genome, and genes and genomes age as we age, and we age also as a result of the aging of our genes and genomes…

F. Finally, re “Theories about human cellular aging supported by new research”

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-12/asfc-bta111908.php

“Research presented at American Society for Cell Biology conference:

Aging yeast cells accumulate damage over time, but they do so by following a pattern laid down earlier in their life by diet as well as the genes that control metabolism and the dynamics of cell structures such as mitochondria, the power plants of cells.”

Cellular Aging? What is Cellular Aging?

Complexly instrumented future spacestations accumulate damage over time, and their residents, too, age and accumulate damage over time. Yes, the functionality of the stations’ residents and of their intruments and equipment is impaired with age. Wonder why?

The reason for the impairment with age of the highly active instrumented-equipped stations and of their resident crew is that they “follow a pattern laid down earlier in their life by diet as well as by the residents who control metabolism and the dynamics of the stations’ structures such as mitochondria, their power plants.”

G. Enough. Cells just house organisms. The resident genes-genomes are THE organisms.



About time that “scientists” refresh conceptions and comprehensions and attitudes and research plannings and peer-reviewings. Let their science evolve…

Dov Henis

(Comments From The 22nd Century)

http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-P81pQcU1dLBbHgtjQjxG_Q–?cq=1

EVOLUTION Beyond Darwin 200

http://www.physforum.com/index.php?showtopic=14988&st=405&#entry396201

http://www.the-scientist.com/community/posts/list/100/122.page#1407



Genetic Biotechnology